THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GENRE BASED
APPROACH (GBA) IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ DESCRIPTIVE TEXT WRITING
Study case in SMPN 7 Kuningan
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rationale
This study explores about the effectiveness of genre based
approach toward the students’ descriptive text writing, according to Emilia (2011:16) genre based approach
appears in 1980 and has been being used until now. She says in her book that
the GBA gives priority to natural learning and personal voice, so the students
can study how to write and how to speak simultaneously. By this the writer
understands that the development of language teaching is always reconditioned
in order to fulfill the needs of human as Mikko
Lehtonen’s statement (2000:19) says that language is not a mare
tool used when a message needs to be sent to a recipient, but it is an
inseparable part of being human.
In
genre based Approach, the students will be introduced the staged, goal-directed
and purposeful (Gerot and Wignel (1994:190)). There are eight kinds of genre
which should be learnt by the students in learning processes say Emilia (2011:27), those are
Descriptive, Narrative, Recount, Pocedure, Report, and Exposition. The writer
is interested to make a research whether the GBA is effective or no in
improving students’ descriptive text writing and the school where will be
become his study case is in SMPN 7 Kuningan. He hopes that it can help English teachers
to give choice what strategies will be chosen in learning processes.
1.2 The
Previous Studies
The
writer got inspiration to make a research script whose title is the effectiveness
of Genre Based Approach (GBA) in improving students’ descriptive text writing:
study case in SMPN 7 Kuningan after he had read a thesis of Momoh Mulyati
(2012: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia) who wrote about the implementation of genre based approach in teaching writing recount
texts: a study at Madrasah Aliyah Negri in Sumedang. She shares Genre Based Approach has a
significant effect on students’ writing ability. There is an effect of
implementing Genre Based Approach on students’ writing ability because the level
of significance is 0.05. According to the thesis of Momoh Mulyati, the writer
confidences that his research will have been success after he applies the genre
based approach to the students of SMPN 7 Kuningan. The result of his research
will be different because she concerns in teaching recount texts and the writer
will apply it in descriptive text writing. Both kinds of text, recount and
descriptive, are truly different. The recount text retells events for the
purpose of informing or entertaining. Events usually arranged in a temporal
sequence. But, the descriptive text describes the ways things are in our
natural, built and social environment by first classifying things and then
describing their special characteristics, see Emilia (2011:27). Gerot and
Wignell (1994:194 & 208) also say that the recount text uses past tense
but the description text uses simple present tense. By this the students will
have different point of view toward both texts.
1.3 Research
Questions
In relation to background of the study as explained
before, the problems to be researched are:
a.
How is the students’ descriptive text writing in the
eight grades of SMPN 7 Kuningan?
b.
Is genre based approach (GBA) effective in improving
students’ descriptive text writing?
1.4 The
Objective of The Research
According
to the formulation of the problems above, this research is to know and analyze the
effectiveness of genre based approach (GBA) in improving students’ descriptive text writing.
This research is intended to:
1.
To know the students’ descriptive text
writing in the eight grades of SMPN 7 Kuningan.
2.
To know the effectiveness of using genre based approach (GBA) to improve
students’ descriptive text writing.
1.5 Methodological
outline
The writer uses a quantitative
method in this research. According to Heryadi (2008:42), the language research
methods which are excessively used are descriptive, experiment, and classroom
action research methods. Finally, the writer will use experiment method to
collect the data.
1.5.1 The Data Source
To
find out these data the researcher will make an experiment about genre based
approach (GBA) toward the eight grades of SMPN 7 Kuningan, and he will read
some English grammar books, some English scientific books of teaching and
learning, and some other books relating to the topic of the research.
1.5.2 The Data Collecting Technique
The
writer will make an experimental design to collect the data. He will observe to
the eight grades of SMPN 7 Kuningan and finally he will analyze toward the
research questions above.
1.6 Hypothesis
According
to the previous study of Mulyati (2012) who made a research about the
implementation of genre based approach, the writer confidences to say that genre
based approach has an effect in improving students’ descriptive text writing.
Finally it can help English teachers to improve their students in writing skill.
1.7 Weight
and Relevance
Theoretically, This research can be useful
for English teachers to improve their students in writing skill.
Practically, This research is used for his activity as a student of the English
Department of Teacher and Education Faculty of Kuningan University, to make a
research script as the result of strata one study. Not only that, this research
also useful for the students of the university who will do the research in
their thesis.
1.7 The Organization of Paper
Chapter
one
discusses about introduction that consists of rationale, the previous study, research
questions, the objective of the research, hypothesis, methodological outline, weight
and relevance and organization of paper
Chapter
two
discusses about frame of theories
Chapter
three discusses about methodology
Chapter
four
discusses about research result and discussion of the findings.
Chapter
five
discusses about conclusions and suggestion
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
This chapter describes
the theoretical background of the writer’s research. It contains the definition
of genre, the kinds of genre, descriptive,
2.1 Definition of Genre
Ventola
(1989:129)
in Beverly A. Lewin, Jonathan Fine and
Lynne Young (2001:11)
expresses
that Genres range from poems and narratives to newspaper editorials, eulogies,
scientific papers, and research articles.
The ventola’s statement has same
direction with Gerot and Wignel’s statement. A genre can be defined as a
culturally specific text type which results from using language (written or
spoken) to (help) accomplish something Gerot and Wignel (1994:17).
From this finally the writer knows that genre is not only used as the strategy
of English teachers to improve students’ writing skill but also used for other
elements such as; poems, scientific papers, research script, and etc.
Gerot
and Wignel (1994:190) say that genre is the staged,
goal-directed and purposeful. There are three stages of teaching genre based
approach, those are modeling, joint construction and independent construction
and there are some elements are added, those are preparation, negotiation field
and deconstruction or building knowledge of the field (BKOF). From this the
writer understands that genre is the concept of writing in order to make us
easy to compose because it can help us aware to write the composition. For
example, if we want to make a narrative paragraphs, we will be concerned with
the generic structures of narrative in order not to make us out of the concepts
in writing and it is supported by Ventola (1987:77) in Beverly A. Lewin,
Jonathan Fine and Lynne Young (2001:13) who says that genre
must be seen as a semiotic system which makes its own meanings in terms of
generic structures in texts.
Martin (1985:250) in Beverly
A. Lewin, Jonathan Fine and Lynne Young (2001:11) emphasis that genre represents at an abstract level the
verbal strategies used to accomplish social purposes of many kinds. It
makes the writer know the purpose of genre. According to the statement above he
understands that genre is the abstract concept which is used to make
compositions to accomplish social purposes of many kinds.
2.1.1 The Kinds of Genre
Swale
(1990:43) in Beverly A. Lewin, Jonathan Fine and Lynne Young (2001:11)
categorizes genres according to their set of shared communicative purposes,
offering an extensive elaboration of the concept. It makes the
writer knows that there are many kinds of genre. After he reads Gerot
and Wignel (1994:192-223) who mention a number of genres, he can know
the types of genre. Those are spoof, recounts, reports, analytical exposition,
news item, anecdote, narrative, procedure, description, hortatory exposition,
explanation, discussion, reviews, and commentary. And the kinds of genre which
should be learnt by the students in learning processes say Emilia (2011:27), those are Descriptive, Narrative, Recount,
Pocedure, Report, and Exposition.
2.2
Descriptive
Descriptive or
description is one kind of the genres which is mentioned by Gerot and Wignel (1994:208).
They explain that descriptive or description is to describe a particular
person, place or thing. They also mention the generic structure and the
significant lexicogrammatical features of description.
The generic structure of description
contains two stages, those are identification and description. In
identification, it identifies phenomenon to be described and in description, it
describes parts, qualities, and characteristics. By this the writer understands
that if he wants to describe something – human or non-human-, he should explore
the characteristics, qualities, and parts of each object.
The lexicogrammatical features of description have four
steps. The first it focuses on specific participants, by this the writer
understands that it should be focused to the object-it can be human or
non-human- will be described.
The second it uses
attributive and identifying processes. Gerot and Wignel (1994:67) explain that processes which establish an
identity are called identifying processes and processes which assign a quality
are called attributive processes. Each has its own characteristic participant
roles. In attributives these are carrier and attribute.
Barry Tuckwell
|
Is
|
A fine horn player
|
Carrier
|
Attributive
|
Attribute
|
In
identifying processes the participant roles are token and value.
Barry Tuckwell
|
May be
|
The finest living horn player
|
Token
|
Identifying
|
Value
|
By this above, the
writer understands that if there is someone who wants to write a composition
using descriptive in writing, there will be full of sentences which include to
attributive and identifying processes in writing.
The third it frequent uses epithets and classifiers in
nominal groups. By this the writer understands that when someone is writing
descriptive paragraphs, they will mention both the epithets and classifiers of
the object which is being described.
The forth it uses simple present tense. According to Betty
(2003:4) the simple present
expresses daily habits or usual activities and general statements of fact. In
sum, the simple present is used for events or situations that exist always,
usually, or habitually in the past, present, and future. Betty
(2002:2) also says that the
simple present expresses events or situations that exist always, usually, or
habitually; they exist now, have existed in the past, and probably will exist
in the future. Both Betty’s statements above make the writer realize that
the simple present tense is used to express the habitual activities of someone
that exist in the present, in the past, and also probably will exist in the
future. Not only those have mentioned before but also it is used to express the
general truth.
There
are the examples of present tense sentences which are exemplified in Betty (2003:4):
1. Ann takes a shower everyday.
2. I usually read the newspaper in the morning.
In
(1) and (2) the simple present tense expresses daily habits or usual activities
3. Babies cry. Birds fly.
In
(3) the simple present tense expresses general statements of fact.
By
the examples above the writer really understands about the usage of the simple
present tense in writing. Finally he feels confident to apply it in his
research to seek the truth about Genre Based Approach whether it is effective
or not to be applied in students’ learning activities in order to improve
students’ descriptive text writing in SMPN 7 Kuningan.
CHAPTER
III
METHODOLOGY
OF THE RESEARCH
This chapter investigates
about the methodology of the research which is applied by the writer in his
research. It contains method of the research, the method and techbique of data
collecting, the method of data analysis, instrument of the research, population
and sample.
3.1 Methodology of The research
The writer uses a quantitative
method in this research. According to Heryadi (2008:36), quantitative is
born from the result of philosopher thoughts who give priority at scientific
ways of thinking. It beholds that seeking the truth about a problem or a
phenomenon should start from the truth at hand, those are principles, axiom,
argumentation, and certain theory. Heryadi (2008:42) also explains that
the language research methods which are excessively used are descriptive,
experiment, and classroom action research methods. Finally, the writer will use
experiment method to collect the data.
According to to Heryadi (2008:52-53), to
do the control, the researcher should have another sample groups as comparator
(minimal one sample group). It is called a control group. By this the writer
realizes that when he begins to make a research, he should have minimal two
sample groups. The first is called experimental group and the second is called
control group.
3.1.1
The Method
and Technique of Data Collecting
As mentioned above that the writer will
use experiment design as the method of research. The plan system of experiment
design has various kinds. One of them is pretest-posttest control design below Heryadi
(2008:53).
T1 → X → T2 (Y)
T1
→ O→ T2 (Y)
Where:
T1 : Pretest
X : Experimental group
O : Control group
T2
(Y) : Posttest
By
this above the writer is confident to collect the data. The first, the writer
will hold the pretest to both groups in order to know the ability of students
before treatments. After holding the pretest toward both groups, the writer
will treat the genre based approach to the experimental group and another way
to the control group, but his treatments toward both groups are not difference
significantly; such as method of teaching, time of learning, learning
atmosphere, etc. Finally the writer will hold the posttest as the final term to
seek the truth whether the genre based approach is effective or no in improving
students’ writing skill.
3.1.2
The Method
of Data Analysis
After the data has been collected,
the writer will use the t-test to compare two means. It will show whether the
genre based approach is effective or no in improving students’ writing skill,
especially toward the experimental group where the genre based approach is
treated. Hatch and Farhady (1982)
say that t-test case two studies require a comparison of two means for two
groups drawn from the population.
3.2
Instrument of The Research
The instrument which will be used by
the writer to test the effectiveness of genre based approach toward the
experimental and control groups is a task where students should compose the
descriptive paragraph as the end of treatment processes. From the result it
will be shown the progress of treatment.
3.3
Population
and Sample
The writer will make a research about
the effectiveness of the genre of based approach in SMPN 7 Kuningan. The writer
will apply it to the eight grade students of SMP 7 Kuningan. He will take two
classes where the first class will be become experimental group and the second
will be become control group. He will treat both of them with different ways.
In experimental class, he will apply the genre based approach in teaching
processes but in control class, he will treat with another way. And to know the
effectiveness of genre based approach he will compare the results of students’
composition using t-test which is mentioned above in the method of data
analysis post.
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